Standard: 7
Subject: Term 1 Social Science
Lesson: Population and Settlement
மக்கள் தொகை மற்றும் குடியிருப்புகளும்
மக்கள் தொகை
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•The study of movements and mobility of population is called migration.
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•Race has been defined as a biological grouping within the human species.
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•Human racial types are based on visual traits such as head shape, facial features nose shape, eye shape and colour, skin colour, stature, blood groups.
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• Major world Human races are • Caucasoid • Negroid
• Mongoloid • Australoid.
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• The Caucasoid is known as European Race .
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• Caucasoid is the one with fair skin and dark brown eyes, wavy hair and narrow nose.
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• The Caucasoid are also found in Eurasia.
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• Human geography is the study of Man and his surroundings to the natural .
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•Negroid have the dark eyes, black skin, black wooly hair, wide nose, long head, and thick lips. They are living in different parts of Africa.
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• The mongoloid race is commonly known as the Asian-American race.
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• The mongoloid have the light yellow to brown skin, straight hair, flat face, broad head and medium nose.
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• Mongoloid are found in Asia and Arctic region .
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• Australoids have wide nose, curly hair dark skin, and short in height. They are living in Australia and Asia.
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• Religion, is a symbol of group identity and a cultural rallying point.
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• 22 major languages were recognised by Indian Constitution. Kashmiri, Urdu, Punjabi, Hindi, Rajasthani, Gujarati, Bengali and Assamese are spoken in North India.
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•The main languages of the Dravidian family are Tamil, Telugu, Kannada, Malayalam These languages are mainly spoken in southern India.
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• 11 th July World population day
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• 21 st February International mother language day
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• Third Sunday in January World Religious day
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• 21 st May The World cultural diversity day .
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• Settlement is a place where people live and interact through activities such as agriculture, trading and entertainment
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• A rural settlement primary activities such as agriculture, lumbering, fishing and mining.
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•An urban settlement engages in predominantly in secondary and tertiary activities, industries, trade.
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•A rural settlement tends to have a small population and low population density.
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• Urban settlement often has a large population size and high population density.
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•Site and situation refers to the location of the actual settlement
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• Agricultural regions, houses were built with mud walls and the roof was made of stalks of paddy (or) other crops of grass (or) thatch.
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• Settlements are classified into Compact Settlements and Dispersed settlement .
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• Compact settlement is also known as nucleated settlement. ex. river valleys and fertile plains.
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• In Compact settlement large number of houses are built very close to each other.
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• Compact settlement found in northern plains and the coastal plains of peninsular India.
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• Dispersed settlements are generally found in the areas of extreme climate, hilly tracts, thick forests, grasslands, areas of extensive cultivation.
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• Dispersed Human settlement is found in the northern kosi tract, the Ganga delta ,the Thar Desert of Rajasthan and the foot hills of Himalayas and the Niligris. ( spaced far between the houses).
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• Rural settlements are predominantly located near water bodies such as rivers, lakes, and springs.
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• People choose to settle near fertile lands suitable for agriculture.
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• Factors Influencing Rural Settlement
• Nature of topography
• Local weather Condition
• Soil and water resources
• Social organisation
• Economic condition
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• Pattern of Rural Settlement Linear, Rectangular, Circular, Star like pattern
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• In a Linear settlement, houses are arranged along the either side of roadways, railways line, river (or) canal,the edge of a valley.
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• linear settlements found in the Himalayas, the Alps, the Rockies.
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• The rectangular settlements are almost straight, meeting each other at right angles. plain areas (or) inter montane plain. Ex: settlements found in Sutlej.
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• Houses built around a central area are known as Circular pattern of settlements. lakes and tanks.
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• The Star like pattern of settlement develops on the sites and places where several roads converge and houses spread out along the sides of roads in all directions. e.g. The Namakkal urban settlements.
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• Pilgrim settlement may come up around a place of worship(or) any spot with a religious significance. Ex: settlements in Palani Hills, Tamil Nadu
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• A wet point settlement is located near water sources in arid regions.
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• A dry Point settlement is located in low- lying areas in the regions of excessive dampness.
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• Dry point settlements are not affected by flood or any other source of water.
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• Dry point settlements are found in the coastal plains of Kerala and deltas along the east coast of India.
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• The urban settlements in which most of the people one engaged in secondary and tertiary activities
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• The settlement with a population more than 5000 people is called a town.
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• The term City is generally applied to large urban places with a central business district.
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• In India an urban place with more than one lakh population is considered as a city .
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• Mega city is a very large city typically with a population of more than 10 million people.
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• A mega city can be a single metropolitan area.
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• magacities : Canton, Tokyo, Delhi, Mumbai
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• World Health Organization (WHO)
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• The word megalopolis is given to a large settlement which is formed by the combination of two or more large cities whose total population exceeds ten million.
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• The region made up of cities between Boston and Washington D.C is a well-known megalopolis.
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• In India, Kolkata is the largest urban area which is a megalopolis.
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• Gandhinagar, Surat, Vadodara, Rajkot in Gujarat are the important megalopolis cities in India.
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• A Conurbation is a region comprising of a number of cities, large town, and other urban areas that through population growth and physical expansion have merged to form one continuous urban (or) industrially developed area
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• Mumbai in Maharashtra. (conurbation)
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• Gurgaon, Faridabad in Haryana,
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• Noida in Uttar Pradesh are the conurbation of India.
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• Rural areas have predominantly primary activities (agriculture) , Sparsely populated , Villages and hamlet , Simple and relaxed life
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• Urban areas have domination of secondary and tertiary activities (Industries) ,Densely populated Cities and towns , Fast and complicated life
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• A satellite town is a town designed to house the over population of a major city,
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• In an urban region, a city which is very much Advanced in terms of infrastructure, real estate, Conurbation communication and market availability is called a Smart City.
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• The first ten smart cities of India are Bhubaneshwar, Pune, Jaipur, Surat, Ludhiana, Kochi, Ahmedabad, Jabalpur, Vishakappattinam, Solapur and Davanagere.
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• Tamil Nadu has 12 major smart cities are Chennai, Madurai, Tirunelveli, Tiruchirappalli ,Thanjavur, Tiruppur, Salem, Vellore, Coimbatore, Thoothukudi, Dindigul and Erode
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• World Population day - July 11
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• Rural settlements are located near -Water bodies.
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• The Bushmen is found mainly in Kalahari desert in South Africa.
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• Pilgrim Settlement Come up around a place of Worship.
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• Satellite towns are generally located outside the rural Urban fringe.
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• In Urban settlements, where most of the people are engaged in secondary and tertiary activities.
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• Lingfestic stock is a group of Language family sharing features and its origin.
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• Town - population more than 5000
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• City - Population more than 1,00,000
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• Mega City - Population more than 10 million People.
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• Conurbation - Noida in utter Proders People.
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